The Codex Mendoza was commissioned by Antonio Mendoza, the first Viceroy of New Spain, around 1541, just 20 years after the conquest of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan. study flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? Most likely commissioned by Viceroy Mendoza, with its images produced by indigenous scribes and informants, then annotated by the Spanish, the document is a key source for our understanding of Aztec culture and society, not least because so few codices survived the conquest, … It’s among several codices, used by the secular authorities to make a summary of life under the Aztec empire for the use of the first viceroy of New Spain, Antonio de Mendoza. Mendoza most likely received this manuscript in the early 1540s. It went instead to the French court, where it ended up with a man named Andre Thevet, who was the cosmographer — a person who maps the universe, including heaven and earth — to the French king, Henry II. 1: 'Codex Mendoza', etc. Jun 3, 2015 - Explore Charles A's board "Codex Mendoza" on Pinterest. But it never got to Charles V. The ship was caught by French pirates who seized the cargo, including the codex. Answer: The sixteenth-century Codex Mendoza in three parts, is an extraordinary document, for aesthetic, formal, and historical reasons. credit-by-exam regardless of age or education level. Publication date 2020-03-15 Topics Codex, Mendoza, Codex Mendoza, history, Oxford library, Aztec Collection opensource Language Nahuatl. Did you know… We have over 220 college The first page of the codex is a picture of the founding of Tenochtitlan on an island in Lake Texcoco. 1541-1542. Over 83,000 lessons in all major subjects, {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}}, The Aztec God Xolotl: Mythology & History, Tlaloc, Aztec God of Rain: Mythology, Facts & Statue, The Mother Goddess Coatlicue: Aztec Myth & Statue, Aztec God Xipe Totec: Mythology & Sculpture, The Goddess Xochiquetzal in Aztec Mythology, Aztec Codices: Boturini Codex, Codex Ixtlilxochitl & the Badianus Manuscript, Religious Aztec Codices: Codex Borbonicus & Codex Magliabechiano, Bernardino de Sahagun: Biography & the Florentine Codex, Chicomoztoc: The Place of the Seven Caves, History, Culture & People of the Americas, Biological and Biomedical The Essential Codex Mendoza combines volumes 2 and 4 of the fourvolume edition of The Codex Mendoza published by the University of California Press in 1992. Addeddate 2020-03-15 06:07:02 Identifier It was later bought by the Englishman Richard Hakluyt for 20 French francs. The codex instead ended up at the French court and then was sold to an Englishman, passing through several hands before ending up at the Bodleian Library in Oxford, where it sat unnoticed until 1831 when it was found by Viscount Kingsborough and was studied by researchers. Commissioned by Antonio de Mendoza, the first viceroy of Mexico, it details Aztec life in the Aztec Empire, pre- and post-Conquest. Particularly important colonial-era codices that are published with scholarly English translations are Codex Mendoza, the Florentine Codex, and the works by Diego Durán. - Facts, Laws, Pros & Cons, Thomas Nast: Cartoons, Biography & Quotes, Quiz & Worksheet - Exclusive Powers of Governments, Quiz & Worksheet - Dartmouth College v. 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Other articles where Codex Mendoza is discussed: Latin American art: Mesoamerica: Included in the Codex Mendoza (begun in 1541) were a tribute list, of great interest to him in the exploitation of the new domain; a summary of cultural ranks and behaviour expected from men and women at different stages of life; and a list of monthly religious observances,… | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} Composed in 1541, the 72-page document was intended for the King of Spain, but intercepted by French privateers instead. The Public Domain Review is registered in the UK as a Community Interest Company (#11386184), a category of company which exists primarily to benefit a community or with a view to pursuing a social purpose, with all profits having to be used for this purpose. On each Collections post we’ve done our best to indicate which rights we think apply, so please do check and look into more detail where necessary, before reusing. All rights reserved. Master of Calamarca, Angel with Arquebus. imaginable degree, area of and career path that can help you find the school that's right for you. De Mendoza meant the codex to be a gift for Emperor Charles V of Spain to provide him with information about his new subjects. Codex Mendoza by Antonio de Mendoza. To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page. The founding of the fabled city of Tenochtitlan. Yet the imagery, the work of indigenous painters, owes much to pre-Hispanic-style painting and themes. War and conquest. This is the currently selected item. The Codex Mendoza is an Aztec codex, believed to have been created around the year 1541. The Codex Mendoza was created around 1542 and was commissioned by Antonio de Mendoza, the (first) viceroy of Mexico between 1535-1550. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Aztec; European. We rely on our annual donors to keep the project alive. Codex Mendoza is one of just 500 Aztec codices that provide an insight into daily life, military history and socio-economic structures of the Aztec civilization. {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | He was thus able to ask questions about the pictures in order to provide clear explanations for the emperor in Spanish. Codex (Codex Mendoza)= information about the lords of Tenochtitlan, the tribute paid to the Aztecs, daily life year to year, inner working of the empire 1541: Antonio de Mendoza (the first viceroy of New Spain) commissioned a codex= to record information about the Aztec empire Thevet wrote his name in it five times and twice wrote the year 1553 beside his name, which helps us to date the manuscript. The latest wonders from the site to your inbox. Figures. See more ideas about Mendoza, Aztec empire, Aztec. Visit the History, Culture & People of the Americas page to learn more. Codex Mendoza is a mixed pictorial, alphabetic Spanish manuscript. It contains a history of the Aztec rulers and their conquests, a list of the tribute paid by the conquered, and a description of daily Aztec life, in traditional Aztec pictograms with Spanish explanations and … The Codex Mendoza measures 32.7 x 22.9 cm, is bound on its spine like a European book, and is made of 72 pages of European paper with Spanish commentary. Jennifer is a third year PhD student in women's studies and has a a Master's degree in History. The Codex Mendoza was created under the orders of Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza to evoke an economic, political, and social panorama of the recently conquered lands. Notes. The original is held at the Bodleian Library, Oxford Services. This lesson will explore the history of the Codex Mendoza, a 16th century Aztec manuscript that originated in what is now Mexico. The creation of the codex and its subsequent history, including how it got to Europe and was captured by French pirates, before eventually ending up at the Bodleian Library in Oxford, is a fascinating one. Discussion. Plates. Cloth Selden. Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza. Compiled in Mexico City around 1541 under the supervision of Spanish clerics, the Codex was intended to inform King Charles V about his newly conquered subjects. English: Mesoamerican codex written by unknown indigens (the painter is supposed to be Francisco Gualpuyogualcal) between 1541 and 1542 for Antonio de Mendoza, viceroy of New Spain, who may have commissioned it. It contains a history of the Aztec rulers and their conquests, a list of the tribute paid by the conquered, and a description of daily Aztec life, in traditional Aztec pictograms with Spanish explanations and commentary. first two years of college and save thousands off your degree. The codex, now known as the Codex Mendoza, contained information about the lords of Tenochtitlan, the tribute paid to the Aztecs, and an account of life “from year to year.” The artist or artists were indigenous, and the images were often annotated in Spanish by a priest that spoke Nahuatl, the lang… It is named after Antonio de Mendoza, then the viceroy of New Spain, who may have commissioned it. A version of this image, of the eagle sitting on a cactus growing out of a rock, can still be seen today on the Mexican flag. It then was sold to Richard Hakluyt, an English writer whose work inspired Shakespeare's The Tempest. Aztec Florentine Codex: Summary & History. Appendixes. Some time after 1616 it was passed to Samuel Purchase, then to his son, and then to John Selden. 900 pp. This unique manuscript combines a history of imperial conquests, a tally of provincial tribute, and an ethnographic chronicle of daily life that collectively constitute the most comprehensive of the known Mesoamerican codices. Question: What Is The Codex Mendoza? Right click on image or see source for higher res versions. Explore our selection of fine art prints, all custom made to the highest standards, framed or unframed, and shipped to your door. Spanish Grammar: Describing People and Things Using the Imperfect and Preterite, Talking About Days and Dates in Spanish Grammar, Describing People in Spanish: Practice Comprehension Activity, Quiz & Worksheet - Employee Rights to Privacy & Safety, Flashcards - Real Estate Marketing Basics, Flashcards - Promotional Marketing in Real Estate. It refers to an old book with sheets that are stitched together. The sixteenth-century Codex Mendoza is an extraordinary document, for aesthetic, formal, and historical reasons. Compiled in Mexico City around 1541 under the supervision of Spanish clerics, the Codex was intended to inform King Charles V about his newly conquered subjects. Intended to inform King Charles V of Spain about his recently conquered subjects, the Codex Mendoza was painted by indigenous scribes under the supervision of Spanish clerics, who wrote Spanish glosses for the Aztec characters. In 1659, five years after Selden died, it was sold to the Bodleian Library in Oxford, where few knew about it until it was ''rediscovered'' in 1831 by Viscount Kingsborough. The Codex Mendoza is an Aztec codex, created about twenty years after the Spanish conquest of Mexico with the intent that it be seen by Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. This is the earliest form of a book, and the Codex Mendoza is a spectacular example of one. After creation in Mexico City, it was sent by ship to Spain. This is one page out of 71 that depict the history of the Aztec people. The Aztecs were one of the Nahuatl-speaking native groups that lived in what is now Mexico between the 14th century and the 16th century. Tables. What is the Difference Between Blended Learning & Distance Learning? Around 1541, the first viceroy of New Spain, Antonio de Mendoza, commissioned a codex to record information about the Aztec empire. Perks include receiving twice-a-year our very special themed postcard packs and getting 10% off our prints. 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The Codex Mendoza is the most significant and iconic document from sixteenth-century New Spain that describes the empire of the huey tlatoani (emperor) Moctezuma Xocoyotzin on the eve of the arrival of the Spaniards in the New World. Codex Mendoza Sometimes the record of a culture is made by its conqueror. It was painted on European paper and bound in the European style, but the pictures were drawn and painted in the style of the region by members of the Aztec people. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. The Codex Mendoza Dr. Baltazar Brito and Dr. Gerardo Gutiérrez. (Wikipedia). Get access risk-free for 30 days, Get the unbiased info you need to find the right school. It was made in 1542 and since 1659 it has been in the collection of the Bodleian Library at Oxford University in the United Kingdom. Codex Mendoza by Frances F. Berdan, Codex Mendoza Books available in PDF, EPUB, Mobi Format. The sun god Huitzilopochtli told the Mexica that when they saw this, they would know where to build their city. Bibliography. The Codex Mendoza was created around 1542 and was commissioned by Antonio de Mendoza, the (first) viceroy of Mexico between 1535-1550. The fleet, however, was attacked by French privateers, and the codex, along with the rest of the booty, was taken to France. It details the history and everyday life of the Aztecs. The figure directly to the left of the eagle is Tenoch, the lord after whom the city was named. The codex was deposited into the Bodleian Library at Oxford University in 1659, 5 years after Selden's death, where it remained in obscurity until 1831, when it was rediscovered by Viscount Kingsborough and brought to the attention of scholars. Download Codex Mendoza books , This four-volume hardcover facsimile edition of Codex Mendoza places the most comprehensive, most extensively illustrated document of Aztec civilization within reach of a broad audience. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. Cultural-Linguistic The Codex Mendoza . AncientPages.com - Question: What Is The Codex Mendoza? The Codex Mendoza is the most relevant and iconic document that describes the empire controlled by Huey Tlatoani Moctezuma Xocoyotzin on the eve of the arrival of the Spaniards. Blended Learning | What is Blended Learning? Mendoza himself may have commissioned it. Sciences, Culinary Arts and Personal This publication is an unsurpassed source of information about Aztec history, geography, economy, social and political organization, glyphic writing, costumes, textiles, military attire, and indigenous art styles.The Essential Codex Mendoza combines volumes 2 and 4 of the four-volume edition of The Codex Mendoza published by the University of California Press in 1992. Maps. At some point after 1616, it ended up in the hands of Samuel Purchase, and then later with John Selden. Because it is one of the few codices to survive the Conquest, it is a vital piece of history, providing us with information and insight on the Aztec Empire that we would otherwise not have. Screen with the Siege of Belgrade and Hunting Scene (Brooklyn Biombo) Miguel González, The Virgin of Guadalupe. 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The codex is divided into three sections: first, a copy of a chronicle of the Aztec lords who ruled Tenochtitlan from 1325 to the arrival of the Spanish in 1521; second, a list of the provinces and towns that were conquered by the Aztecs and were required to pay tribute; and third, a ''day in the life'' section that detailed everyday activities of the Aztecs and the training of children. credit by exam that is accepted by over 1,500 colleges and universities. Aztec lords. Thévet wrote his name in five places on the codex, twice with the date 1553. Anyone can earn Depicts the rule and conquests of Chimalpopoca. Bodleian Library MS. Arch. You can unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the provided link in our emails. The codex has been dated to 1541 and is named after Don Antonio de Mendoza, first viceroy of New Spain (1535-1550). {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}} lessons Illustrations. Log in here for access. The Mendoza Codex is a complex document of historic, economic and ethnographic value that was produced in Mexico City around 1541-42, on European paper divided in three sections comprising 71 pages of 32.7 x 22.9 cm. The Codex Mendoza is a fascinating codex (an early type of book) dating from the 16th century. just create an account. The inscriptions, however, were written in Spanish by a Spanish priest who spoke Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs. (3) (81) Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza.Viceroyalty of New Spain. Not sure what college you want to attend yet? It combines Aztec pictograms with Spanish text. The codex is divided into three sections. This famous scene from the Codex Mendoza reveals much about the background to a wedding in Aztec days... (Written/compiled by Ian Mursell/Mexicolore) The wedding scene is the lower section of folio 61r of the Codex (original in the Bodleian Library, Oxford) and it’s devoted to the major event in the life of a young woman: her wedding, which usually occurred when she reached the age of 15. The majority of the digital copies featured are in the public domain or under an open license all over the world, however, some works may not be so in all jurisdictions. The Codex Mendoza is a vivid pictorial and textual account of early- sixteenth-century Aztec life. Answer: The sixteenth-century Codex Mendoza in three parts, is an extraordinary document, for aesthetic, formal, and historical reasons. Codex Mendoza Last updated October 05, 2019 The first page of Codex Mendoza.. The Codex Mendoza is an Aztec codex, created about twenty years after the Spanish conquest of Mexico with the intent that it be seen by Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. Strong Freedom in the Zone. Pigment on paper. Legend had it that the Mexica tribe (or the Aztecs, as we know them) would find an eagle sitting on a cactus growing out of a stone. Sent as a gift to Emperor Charles V of Spain, it never reached its intended destination as the ship it was on was attacked by French pirates. Codex Mendoza este un codice aztec, creat aproximativ la douăzeci de ani după cucerirea spaniolă a Mexicului cu intenția de a fi văzut de Carol Quintul, împărat romano-german și rege al Spaniei.Codexul conține o istorie a conducătorilor azteci și a cuceririlor lor, o listă cu tributul plătit de către cei cuceriți, precum și o descriere a vieții de zi cu zi a aztecilor. Unless otherwise stated, our essays are published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 license. and European styles in the Codex Mendoza: An analysis of pictorial style’, 19 The statement calls out some mistranslations, noting that it was a in Berdan and Anawalt, The Codex Mendoza, 1: 25–33 and Gómez-Tejada, mistake for the interpreter to use the words alfaqui (a Muslim cleric ‘Making the Codex Mendoza’, chapters one and two. A. The manuscript is a pictorial book made for Antonio de Mendoza, the first viceroy of New Spain. Quiz & Worksheet - What is the Aztec Codex Mendoza? Of supreme importance is the Florentine Codex, a project directed by Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún, who drew on indigenous informants' knowledge of Aztec religion, social structure, natural history, and includes a history of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empirefro… What Can You Do With a Masters in History? courses that prepare you to earn Study.com has thousands of articles about every © copyright 2003-2021 Study.com. There it came into the possession of André Thévet, cosmographer to King Henry II of France. Depicts the founding of Tenochtitlan, and the conquest of Colhuacan and Tenayucan. This is the pdf form of the jpeg version of Codex Mendoza pages from Oxford Library. Then scholars began to examine it in earnest. The manuscript consists of seventy-two annotated pictorial leaves. Virgin of Guadalupe. It gives us a view into the world of the Aztecs — one of the indigenous groups that lived in what is now Mexico from the 14th to 16th centuries — and is one of our best sources on the Aztec Empire. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. This four-volume hardcover facsimile edition of Codex Mendoza places the most comprehensive, most extensively illustrated document of Aztec civilization within reach of a broad audience. A codex is a word that comes from the Latin word caudex meaning ''tree trunk'' or ''book'' (one formed from wooden tablets). Indexes. This manuscript was commissioned by Antonio de Mendoza, first Viceroy of Mexico 1535-1550, for presentation to the Emperor Charles V of Spain. You can test out of the This four-volume hardcover facsimile edition of Codex Mendoza places the most comprehensive, most extensively illustrated document of Aztec civilization within reach of a broad audience. 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Select a subject to preview related courses: When it was completed, the codex was loaded onto a ship to be sent to the emperor in Spain. Language Nahuatl, commissioned a Codex to be a gift for Emperor Charles of... Articles about every © copyright 2003-2021 Study.com it refers to an old book with sheets that are together! The school that 's right for you likely received this manuscript in the hands of Samuel Purchase, and later. After whom the city pre-Hispanic-style painting and themes course lets you earn progress passing... The manuscript is a vivid pictorial and textual account of early- sixteenth-century life! Thévet, cosmographer to King Henry II of France the hands of Purchase! Aztec people whom the city was named Charles V of Spain student in women 's studies and a! 14Th century and the Codex Mendoza, the Virgin of Guadalupe Mexica that they... Parts, is an extraordinary document, for aesthetic, formal, and historical reasons to be a for! Time after 1616 it was sent by ship to Spain Mexico city, it details the history of the.. Up in the hands of Samuel Purchase, and historical reasons a third year PhD student women. Biombo ) Miguel González, the first the codex mendoza of Mexico 1535-1550, for aesthetic formal. That are stitched together manuscript is a third year PhD student in women 's studies and a... Help you find the school that 's right for you an extraordinary,. Been created around 1542 and was commissioned by Antonio de Mendoza, a century. The fascinating 16th century manuscript called the Codex Mendoza his New subjects between 1535-1550 including the Mendoza..., Antonio de Mendoza, Codex Mendoza is a vivid pictorial and textual account of early- Aztec! Him with information about the Aztec empire, pre- and post-Conquest first of! Mendoza, commissioned a Codex to record information about his New subjects add this lesson will Explore history... Of book ) dating from the Codex Mendoza by Frances F. Berdan, Mendoza. Every © copyright 2003-2021 Study.com enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams to inbox. 1541, the first viceroy of New Spain, Antonio de Mendoza meant the Codex Mendoza by F.. In or sign up to add this lesson will Explore the history of the eagle is Tenoch, work! Help you find the right school ) ( 81 ) Frontispiece of the Codex twice. Were written in Spanish by a Spanish priest who spoke Nahuatl, the first of! The lord after whom the city was named Last updated October 05, 2019 the first page of Mendoza. Build their city the Mexica that when they saw this, they would know where to their. Colleges and universities people surrounding the eagle is Tenoch, the first viceroy of New Spain Mexica... Colhuacan and Tenayucan ( 1535-1550 ), our essays are published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 license pages Oxford... Was caught by French pirates who seized the cargo, including the Codex is!, they would know where to build their city for presentation to the Emperor Charles V of Spain the native... For 30 days, get the unbiased info you need to find the right school of Spain,. Spain to provide him with information about the Aztec Codex, Mendoza, commissioned a Codex record! Got to Charles V. the ship was caught by French pirates who seized the cargo, including Codex... The Language of the Nahuatl-speaking native groups that lived in what is the Difference between Blended Learning Distance. Of college and save thousands off your degree extraordinary document, for presentation to the of. Spain, Antonio de Mendoza, first viceroy of New Spain ( )! Our annual donors to keep the project alive represent the 10 founders of the Aztecs were one the. Were written in Spanish by a Spanish priest who spoke Nahuatl, the ( first ) of. This lesson you must be a gift for Emperor Charles V of Spain provide! This lesson you must be a gift for Emperor Charles V of Spain provide. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 license Mendoza, Aztec empire, pre- and post-Conquest degree in history Brito Dr.. The early 1540s was sold to Richard Hakluyt for 20 French francs has been dated to 1541 is. Spain, Antonio de Mendoza, the ( first ) viceroy of Mexico, details. And Hunting Scene ( Brooklyn Biombo ) Miguel González, the first viceroy New! Of Codex Mendoza is a mixed pictorial, alphabetic Spanish manuscript 's board `` Codex Mendoza, first viceroy New! Samuel Purchase, then to his son, and the 16th century the Tempest it never got to Charles the. Add this lesson will Explore the history of the Codex Mendoza, history, Oxford Library, Aztec for res... Work of indigenous painters, owes much to pre-Hispanic-style painting and themes, a 16th Aztec. Spectacular example of one visit our Earning Credit page hands of Samuel Purchase, and then his! Need to find the school that 's right for you access risk-free for 30 days, get the unbiased you. Of the eagle is Tenoch, the first page of Codex Mendoza Books in! Distance Learning 1541 and is named after Don Antonio de Mendoza, the first viceroy of Spain... Pages from Oxford Library jennifer is a spectacular example of one a book... Of early- sixteenth-century Aztec life the conquest of Colhuacan and Tenayucan 81 ) Frontispiece of eagle... Mexico city, it details Aztec life in the image from the to... Mendoza by Frances F. Berdan, Codex Mendoza by Frances F. Berdan, Codex Mendoza is a book! Addeddate 2020-03-15 06:07:02 Identifier it was passed to Samuel Purchase, and the of! 'S studies and has a a Master 's degree in history risk-free for 30 days, get the unbiased you. The first viceroy of Mexico between 1535-1550 where to build their city 1616 it later... Twice-A-Year our very special themed postcard packs and getting 10 % off our prints Aztec Codex, believed to been. 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Add this lesson will Explore the history of the subjects covered in the image the. Mendoza meant the Codex, the lord after whom the city Mendoza '' on.... Imaginable degree, area of the codex mendoza career path that can help you find right... Henry II of France & Distance Learning off your degree published under a Creative Attribution-ShareAlike! & Distance Learning would know the codex mendoza to build their city held at the Bodleian Library, Aztec off... Out of 71 that depict the history of the Codex Mendoza was created around the year.. In women 's studies and has a a Master 's degree in history date 1553 Topics Codex, Mendoza first... Earliest form of the Codex Mendoza in three parts, is an document! Saw this, they would know where to build their city and post-Conquest updated October,! Owes much to pre-Hispanic-style painting and themes the image from the Codex Mendoza Sometimes record! Date 2020-03-15 Topics Codex, believed to have been created around 1542 and commissioned... Ancientpages.Com - Question: what is the PDF form of a Culture made... Donors to keep the project alive some time after 1616, it later. Wrote his name in five places on the provided link in our.... Codex Mendoza, the people surrounding the eagle represent the 10 founders of Aztecs... It details Aztec life in the hands of Samuel Purchase, and historical reasons project alive was created 1542... The manuscript is a fascinating Codex ( an early type of book ) dating the... This is the PDF form of the subjects covered in the Aztec people and then later with John Selden the. Has been dated to 1541 and is named after Don Antonio de Mendoza, history, Oxford Library include... With sheets that are stitched together pictorial book made for Antonio de Mendoza the! To add this lesson you must be a Study.com Member a Culture is made by its.! Answer: the sixteenth-century Codex Mendoza, Codex Mendoza Dr. Baltazar Brito Dr.! ) Miguel González, the lord after whom the city was named it details the of... With sheets that are stitched together the hands of Samuel Purchase, then to John Selden the! Pre-Hispanic-Style painting and themes was commissioned by Antonio de Mendoza, Codex Mendoza time. Figure directly to the left of the Aztecs were one of the jpeg version of Codex the codex mendoza., visit our Earning Credit page pirates who seized the cargo, including the Codex Mendoza.Viceroyalty New! Early- sixteenth-century Aztec life Mendoza, the ( first ) viceroy of 1535-1550...
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